XML.com: The Atom Link Model

The Atom Link Model

June 16, 2004

Atom is an emerging XML vocabulary and protocol for syndication and editing. Atom has a coherent linking model to express a number of different types of links. Atom borrows heavily from the <link> element in HTML, although they are not identical. This article explores several of the most common link types that are already deployed in Atom feeds today.

Every article need a permanent home

A central concept of Atom is the concept of the alternate link, sometimes called the "permanent link" or "permalink". Every Atom feed, and every entry within every feed, must have an alternate link that points to the permanent location of that feed or entry. The terminology of calling it an "alternate" link is borrowed from the HTML <link> element, the specification of which states that an alternate link "designates a substitute version for the document in which the link occurs".

At the feed level, the alternate link points to the home page of the site that the feed is syndicating. At the entry level, the alternate link points to the "permalink" of that entry in some other format (most often HTML, although it can be any content type).

A feed alternate link points to the site's home page, and it looks like this:

<feed version="0.3" xmlns="http://purl.org/atom/ns#">
  <title>XML.com</title>
  <tagline>XML from the inside out</tagline>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://www.xml.com/"/>
  ...

An entry alternate link points to the entry's permalink, and it looks like this:

<entry>
  <title>The Courtship of Atom</title>
  <summary>The Atom syndication specification may 
   move to a new home at the W3C.</summary>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2004/05/19/deviant.html"/>
  ...

Every Atom feed and every Atom entry needs an alternate link. It is the only type of link that is required by the Atom feed specification.

Linking to related articles

Many articles, including the ones that appear on XML.com, link to other, related articles for further reading. Some content management systems do this automatically through keyword matching or other metadata tagging; other systems allow you to specify related articles manually; others only allow you to include a further reading list as part of the main article text, marked up in HTML like everything else. Regardless of how it gets there, it's a common use case, and Atom feeds have a special link tag just for related articles: <link rel="related">.

To distinguish these related links, you can use the optional title attribute, as shown here:

<entry>
  <title>WWW2004 Semantic Web Roundup</title>
  <summary>Reporting from the WWW 2004 conference, Paul Ford surveys the
    state of the art in client and server side semantic web technology.
  </summary>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2004/05/26/www2004.html"/>
  <link rel="related"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/w3c-track04.html"
        title="WWW2004 W3C Track schedule"/>
  <link rel="related"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://www.w3.org/2004/04/13-swdd/"
        title="The Developer's Day schedule"/>
  ...

Paul Ford had nine related links listed after that article. I'm only showing two here, but each entry in an Atom feed may have as many related links as you like.

Linkblogs

The other major use of <link rel="related"> is for linkblogs. Many popular weblogs have a section of main content and then a "linkblog" on the side that links to external articles. Other sites are nothing but a structured list of links; such sites may be autogenerated by IRC bots (example: wearehugh.com), or they may provide their own API just for posting links (example: del.icio.us).

The same concept that we used to provide a list of related links after an article can also be used to express a link-centric feed in Atom. First, don't forget that every entry needs a permalink (<link rel="alternate">) that points to the permanent home of this entry. You should not use <link rel="alternate"> to point to the external article; it should point to your own archives. Use <link rel="related"> to point to the external article, as shown in this real example from my own linkblog:

<entry>
  <title>Setting up an iTunes server in FreeBSD</title>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/archives/blinks/2004/05/#b20040527034848"/>
  <link rel="related"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://home.introweb.nl/~dodger/itunesserver.html"/>
  ...

Of course you can have more than one related link per entry, so you can do a kind of "link cluster", where multiple related links are grouped together in the same entry. This entry linked to an article about setting up an iTunes server. iTunes uses the Rendezvous protocol for discovery and presence, so let's add a related link that gives some background information about Rendezvous:

<entry>
  <title>Setting up an iTunes server in FreeBSD</title>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/archives/blinks/2004/05/#b20040527034848"/>
  <link rel="related"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://home.introweb.nl/~dodger/itunesserver.html"/>
  <link rel="related" type="text/html"
        href="http://developer.apple.com/macosx/rendezvous/faq.html"
        title="Apple Rendezvous FAQ"/>
  ...

The concept of "related" is entirely up to the publisher; it has no more or less semantic connotation than the word "related" has in English. Things can be loosely related, and that's okay.

As with related links after an article, each entry in an Atom linkblog can have as many related links as you like.

Giving credit to your sources

A few months ago, it was scientifically proven that bloggers kill kittens. No, actually it was shown that bloggers tend to republish links they read on other sites, without mentioning where they saw them. In response to this, more and more publishers are explicitly publishing "via" links in their linkblogs. A "via" link is simply a link back to the site where you found the article you're linking to.

Atom has a link tag for this scenario: <link rel="via">. In the previous example, I discovered the article about setting up an iTunes server on Jeffrey Veen's site, so I should give him some credit with a "via" link, as shown here:

<entry>
  <title>Setting up an iTunes server in FreeBSD</title>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/archives/blinks/2004/05/#b20040527034848"/>
  <link rel="related"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://home.introweb.nl/~dodger/itunesserver.html"/>
  <link rel="related" type="text/html"
        href="http://developer.apple.com/macosx/rendezvous/faq.html"
        title="Apple Rendezvous FAQ"/>
  <link rel="via" type="text/html"
        href="http://www.veen.com/jeff/archives/000545.html"
        title="Jeffrey Veen"/>
  ...

Comment feeds

Many weblogs, community sites, and general purpose sites (including XML.com) allow visitors to post comments on individual articles. This intersects Atom in two related ways. In Atom, a comment is represented like any other entry, and many publishers now generate comment feeds for individual articles. To make these per-article comment feeds easier to find and subscribe to, Atom has a link tag to point to an entry's associated comment feed: <link rel="comment">.

Here is a real example from Sam Ruby's weblog. The entry in question is Aggregator UTF-16 tests, and the associated feed that contains all the comments on the entry is at Aggregator-utf-16-tests.atom. This is what the article looks like in his site's Atom feed:

<entry>
  <title>Aggregator UTF-16 tests
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://www.intertwingly.net/blog/2004/06/
03/Aggregator-utf-16-tests"/>
  <link rel="comments"
        type="application/atom+xml"
        href="http://www.intertwingly.net/blog/2004/06/
03/Aggregator-utf-16-tests.atom"/>
  ...

The other way that publishers use Atom comment feeds is to publish a site-wide feed that contains all comments across all entries. I do this on my own site (site, comments feed). I use the same link construct (<link rel="comments">) at the feed level instead of the entry level, to signify that this associated comments feed is a comments feed for the entire site.

This is the relevant excerpt from my Atom feed:

<feed version="0.3" xmlns="http://purl.org/atom/ns#">
  <title>dive into mark</title>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/"/>
  <link rel="comments"
        type="application/atom+xml"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/xml/comments.xml/"/>
  ...

Catching up on missed news

Syndicated feeds are generally associated with keeping up with the most current news, but what if you're out of town for a few weeks? How do you catch up? Articles that have fallen off the end of the "most recent articles" feed are just gone, unless you manually visit each site and piece together the list of articles you missed.

A powerful but relatively unexplored use of Atom is the idea of publishing all of your past content as a series of Atom feeds. For example, on my site I have monthly archives that contain summaries and links to all my part articles. But I also have monthly archives of all my articles in a series of Atom feeds. For example, http://diveintomark.org/xml/2004/03/index.atom is the Atom archive for all of the articles I published in March 2004.

Why is this useful? Because it allows Atom-enabled aggregators to browse my archives programmatically, without screen-scraping or guesswork. And the linchpin that holds it all together is a pair of link tags, again borrowed from HTML: rel="prev" and rel="next".

March's Atom archives at http://diveintomark.org/xml/2004/03/index.atom contain links to February and April, like this:

<feed version="0.3" xmlns="http://purl.org/atom/ns#">
  <title>March 2004 [dive into mark]</title>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/2004/03/"/>
  <link rel="next"
        type="application/atom+xml"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/xml/2004/02/index.atom"/>
        title="February 2004 archives"/>
  <link rel="prev"
        type="application/atom+xml"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/xml/2004/04/index.atom"/>
        title="April 2004 archives"/>
  ...

And the main Atom feed for the site links to the latest Atom archive, like this:

<feed version="0.3" xmlns="http://purl.org/atom/ns#">
  <title>dive into mark</title>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/"/>
  <link rel="next"
        type="application/atom+xml"
        href="http://diveintomark.org/xml/2004/05/index.atom"
        title="May 2004 archives"/>
  ...

Atom-enabled aggregators that are subscribed to the main Atom feed can render a link to the May 2004 archives and allow you to browse the archives to catch up on articles you missed while you were away from your aggregator.

Integration with the Atom API

Finally, a compelling feature of the Atom feed format is its integration with the Atom API, which is explained and implemented in Joe Gregorio's recent XML.com article. An Atom feed can contain link tags that tell Atom-enabled clients how to post a new article to the site, edit an existing article, and post comments to an article.

These are deployed today on several popular weblogging systems, including Typepad and Blogger, and it will also be part of the standalone software Movable Type 3.0.

At the feed level, you can include a <link rel="service.post" type="application/atom+xml">, which points to the Atom API endpoint for posting new articles to the site. Only the rel, type, and href are required; the title is optional. This is a real example from the Atom feed of Mena Trott, co-developer of Typepad:

<feed version="0.3" xmlns="http://purl.org/atom/ns#">
  <title>Not a Dollarshort</title>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://mena.typepad.com/"/>
  <link rel="service.post"
     type="application/atom+xml"
     href="http://www.typepad.com/t/atom/weblog/blog_id=9"
     title="Not A Dollarshort"/>
  ...

At the entry level, you can use a similar link construct to include an "edit this post" link. Use <link rel="service.edit" type="application/atom+xml">, then point to the Atom API EditURI for this point. Here is another real example from Mena's Atom feed:

<entry>
  <title>Road to Hana</title>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://mena.typepad.com/dollarshort/2004/04/road_to_hana.html"/>
  <link rel="service.edit"
        type="application/atom+xml"
        href="http://www.typepad.com/t/atom/weblog/blog_id=9/entry_id=1263283"
        title="Road to Hana"/>
  ...

Of course, most systems will probably require authentication before adding articles or editing other articles; see my previous article Atom Authentication for details on the authentication scheme supported today by Blogger, Typepad, and Movable Type 3.0. But not all systems require authentication; an Atom-powered wiki might include "edit this page" links that required no authentication at all.

More Dive Into XML Columns

Identifying Atom

XML on the Web Has Failed

Normalizing Syndicated Feed Content

Atom Authentication

The Atom API

One final use of the Atom API is for posting comments. If an Atom-enabled publishing system supports comments and an article has comments enabled, you can add a link to allow your readers to post comments via Atom-enabled aggregators. The link tag is <link rel="service.post"> -- the same construct we used on the feed level to advertise the ability to post a new article to the site, but here we will use it at the entry level to advertise the ability to post a new comment on the entry.

This is a real example taken from Sam Ruby's site, from the same feed we saw earlier when exploring comment feeds. Sam not only provides site-wide and per-entry comment feeds, he also allows Atom-enabled clients to post comments to entries via the Atom API. Here is the relevant excerpt from his site's main Atom feed:

<entry>
  <title>Aggregator utf-16 tests</title>
  <link rel="alternate"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://www.intertwingly.net/blog/2004/06/03/Aggregator-utf-16-tests"/>
  <link rel="service.post"
        type="text/html"
        href="http://www.intertwingly.net/blog/1801.atomapi"
        title="Add your comment"/>
  ...

As with posting new articles, the server may require authentication when you try to post a comment. The decision is entirely up to the publisher, which makes its requirements known in HTTP headers when you request the Atom API endpoint (as explained in Atom Authentication). Sam's site does not require authentication for comments.

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While you can use a combo of as many as five colors for coniferous trees, use not more than three colors for deciduous trees.
Any color of light used with white does not show itself well, so if are planning to use white lights, stick to the monochromatic scheme.
Use low watt bulbs for strings and indoor light decoration but you will need high watt bulbs for outdoor decorations and lights that will be viewed from a distance.
Dip the socket end of the light bulb in petroleum jelly before fitting it into the socket string. This will prevent corrosion in the socket and will make it easier to pull out the bulb from it later.
Tape all connections well with electrical tape to avoid short-circuits.
Lights installed on the trees to keep up with its growth look quite graceful.
Do not try to climb the branches of the tree you want to decorate. Use stepladder instead.
Work on the tree from top to bottom and from inside to outside for ease of work and safety purposes.

The best advice when it comes to Christmas decorating is "plan ahead". Decide whether you plan to use Christmas decors both indoors and outdoors, how many you'll need and where you'll place them. Decide whether each room will have a unique decor theme or if one theme will carry from room to room. As you can see there is a lot to consider when it comes to Christmas decorating. While some people love the spontaneous approach, others hate it. If you're one of the latter, make a detailed plan. This is especially true if you have a sophisticated theme in mind for your Christmas decors. Everyone has driven past lawns with the most beautifully laid out decor. Do you think they just threw those decor up? Probably not. They were probably working from a rough floor plan.

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In house graphic arts department

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2008-11-20 12:31:05 orellytos [Reply]

christmas lights installation los angeles 310-925-1720
http://www.christmaslightinstallationlosangeles.blogspot.com/
(Lets lights, light up your Christmas)

Use a combination of candles and lights for Christmas decor.Lighting has almost taken over Christmas candles as they burn for longer periods of time and are comparably safer for decoration purposes. Especially Christmas trees have turned more charming, sparkling and magical with light strands illuminating them. With time, the art of installing Christmas lights has evolved to the level where it has become an art in itself. Lets see how to choose the color or combination of color of lights, check for the load of electricity that you can safely use, the different patterns in which to arrange the strings of light and how to install Christmas lights.

(These types of Innovative lights will definetly add to your Christmas decor)

Here are the tips to use:

The most common color combinations appropriate for the Christmas season include red, green and copper lights that denote festivity; blue and green lights for more subdued arrangements; novelty combinations such as blue and red lights; and mauve, blue and copper lights.
While you can use a combo of as many as five colors for coniferous trees, use not more than three colors for deciduous trees.
Any color of light used with white does not show itself well, so if are planning to use white lights, stick to the monochromatic scheme.
Use low watt bulbs for strings and indoor light decoration but you will need high watt bulbs for outdoor decorations and lights that will be viewed from a distance.
Dip the socket end of the light bulb in petroleum jelly before fitting it into the socket string. This will prevent corrosion in the socket and will make it easier to pull out the bulb from it later.
Tape all connections well with electrical tape to avoid short-circuits.
Lights installed on the trees to keep up with its growth look quite graceful.
Do not try to climb the branches of the tree you want to decorate. Use stepladder instead.
Work on the tree from top to bottom and from inside to outside for ease of work and safety purposes.

The best advice when it comes to Christmas decorating is "plan ahead". Decide whether you plan to use Christmas decors both indoors and outdoors, how many you'll need and where you'll place them. Decide whether each room will have a unique decor theme or if one theme will carry from room to room. As you can see there is a lot to consider when it comes to Christmas decorating. While some people love the spontaneous approach, others hate it. If you're one of the latter, make a detailed plan. This is especially true if you have a sophisticated theme in mind for your Christmas decors. Everyone has driven past lawns with the most beautifully laid out decor. Do you think they just threw those decor up? Probably not. They were probably working from a rough floor plan.

(Lights add new dimensions to outdoor christmas decor)

You Can�t Go Wrong

If, however, you're a spontaneous decorator, simply go where your imagination takes you. Does the stairway need some garland? Sure, why not! How about a mantle full of nutcracker dolls? Maybe some Christmas candles on that table would look great. When it comes to Christmas decorations, there is no right or wrong way to approach it. Christmas is a rich holiday full of many diverse traditions. Express it in the way that is uniquely you; use any or as many Christmas decor as you want

Do post your comments and shre your ideas . If you have any special query feel free to mail me. Look out for these Special Christmas blogs

Christmas tree decoration
Christmas Crafts
Themes for Christmas Party

Hope these Christmas lights light up your Christmas and your life.
Welcome: Holiday lights Christmas lights (also sometimes called fairy lights, twinkle lights or holiday lights in the United States) are strands of electric lights used to decorate homes, public/commercial buildings and Christmas trees during the Christmas season. Christmas lights come in a dazzling array of configurations and colors. The small "midget" bulbs commonly known as fairy lights are also called Italian lights in some parts of the U.S.,

Experience pays off! Our experience can save you hundreds, if not thousands, of dollars by determining the best combination of services to meet your needs � that means every project we build is customized for you, not all home Christmas lights decorations project are identical.

We are known for our reliability, superior workmanship & impeccable service. Using only quality materials, our standards of excellence provide you the most return for your investment. Over the years, we have developed a deep respect for the importance of individual expression in home Christmas lights decor. Right from the start of every project, we strive to fully understand and incorporate your individuality into every phase of planning, design and Christmas lights Sale and decorations.

We offer the following Products and Services:
Christmas Lighting New inside / outside christmas planter that lights up

Christmas tree sale and decoration

Full service sales and installation departments

Custom pole-mounted banner sales and installation

Large animated holiday displays

Custom holiday displays

Leasing and rental programs

In house graphic arts department

Knowledgeable and helpful year round staff
Lvhsystems
full-service approach begins with the assignment of a project manager, engineer, and draftsman who work closely with you throughout the process to ensure a design reflective of your aesthetic preferences, programming that meets your control requirements, and an Christmas Lighting installation that is efficient and trouble-free. This level of client commitment and systems expertise allows Lvhsystems to stand apart as a premier integrator of design home Christmas lights decoration and solutions throughout the southern California communities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Beverly Hills, Calabasas, Agoura Hills, Woodland Hills, Pasadena, Burbank, Glandale and Sherman Oaks.

To learn more about Lvhsystems complete line of home automation products and services,call 1-818-386-1022
http://christmaslightinginstall.blogspot.com/

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Via
2008-01-17 10:09:20 ClareDupp [Reply]

The "via" function is the most useful part of Atom to me. I always prefer to credit original source material when I'm discussing something on my blog, and this gives me a simple way to do it.

Clare
http://tinmarton.googlepages.com/acneremedy

valuable information
2008-01-13 05:02:05 Vincent-@-Office-Tips-and-Tricks [Reply]

It�s an old article but still has valuable information in it, thanks this was exactly what I was looking for.

Cheers

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The World of Office Tips and Tricks. (http://www.theworldofoffice.com)

s
2007-07-28 18:35:58 profesjonalna [Reply]

[url=http://www.profesjonalna-reklama.pl][color=black]s[/color][/url]

article
2007-07-28 14:33:56 profesjonalna [Reply]

This is really great article I think I will write a post with link to this brilliant idea!

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2006-09-05 07:34:55 Elanir [Reply]

is there any sort of code i can use in my webpage to get feeds off blogs especially atom.xml

can someone point me somewhere?

thx

rss2
2005-06-05 13:51:35 mike_jonhson [Reply]

i pref to use rss2 on my site (http://tinysearch.us)
- rss2
  2008-03-28 18:25:24 tapierce [Reply]
  
  I agree, as I enjoy using RSS on my site as well.
  
  pagerank (http://www.isellpagerank.com)

"alternate" to what?
2004-06-23 07:21:52 Bob DuCharme [Reply]

The use of the term "alternate" confused me, but I'm a little less confused after reading AnneVanKesteren's suggestion at http://intertwingly.net/wiki/pie/LinkTagMeaning: "It has been suggested to replace 'alternate', currently being specified as the permalink for the ENTRY, with 'bookmark', which seems semantically more appropriate." The idea of a single link element with a link type of "alternate" looks pretty strange to me. The term "alternate" usually identifies a secondary version of something, so if there is no primary version, I have to wonder: alternate to what?

The description of "alternate" at http://bitworking.org/projects/atom/draft-gregorio-09.html#rfc.section.5.4.1 makes sense: "The URI in the href attribute points to an alternate representation of the containing resource." I don't understand how we get from there to saying that "alternate" means "permalink", as the article does.

I see now that the various rel values are taken from the HTML link types (http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/types.html#h-6.12), but this defines "Alternate" as "Designates substitute versions for the document in which the link occurs"--a perfectly sensible definition, although completely at odds with the Atom use of the term as described in this article. If the Atom spec must choose from among the values listed for the HTML a/@rel element, then Anne's suggestion makes even more sense.

Link correction
2004-06-18 02:09:27 Mike Davies [Reply]

Mark,

The last link in your article "Discussion on possible changes to the link style syntax" probably should be: http://www.imc.org/atom-syntax/mail-archive/thrd2.html#04141 since it has dropped off the first page of threads. (This goes to the start of a thread titled "weblog logo image?")