Editor's Note: Kip Hampton will be presenting a tutorial on Perl and XML at the upcoming O'Reilly Open Source Convention.

Introduction

There is little doubt that the hype associated with web services has reached astronomical proportions. Notably missing from the current flood of information, however, is a nuts-and-bolts examination of how to build applications which provide both browser-based access for human users and programmatic access for automated clients. This month we will take a look at just how easy it is to build these multi-interface services using Perl and XML.

This is not about the relative merits or weaknesses of SOAP, XML-RPC, or REST, nor will it attempt address the reasons why you might choose one and not another. The goal here is to demonstrate that, with a little forethought and a few Perl modules, you can easily create useful Web applications that can accessed from any or all of these types of clients.

We have a lot to cover, so let's get straight to business.

Example -- WebSemDiff: A Multi-Interface XML Semantic Diff Web Service

For this month's sole code example we will build a Web interface to my XML::SemanticDiff module. For those unfamiliar with it, XML::SemanticDiff compares the contents of two XML documents while ignoring common things like formatting differencesC and uncommon things like otherwise identical elements and attributes with divergent namespace prefixes bound to the same URI.

Before we begin, a basic understanding of Christian Glahn's CGI::XMLApplication is suggested before proceeding. It's not a requirement; you will still be able to follow along, but having a more detailed introduction can only help. If you are impatient and decide to skip reading that previous column, it is enough to understand that the typical CGI::XMLApplication application consists of three parts: a tiny CGI script that connects the client to the application, a Perl module that handles the heavy-lifting, and one or more XSLT stylesheets that transforms DOM tree returned from the Perl module into something palatable for the requesting client.

Understanding CGI::XMLApplication's basic architecture is important because, from a high level, it is exactly the same model used by Paul Kulchenko's wildly popular SOAP::Lite module. The key to providing simple, multi-client access lies in understanding how these two fine modules can be used together.

First, we will look at the base module that both CGI::XMLApplication and SOAP::Lite will use to compare the files uploaded to the server:

package WebSemDiff;

use strict;
use CGI::XMLApplication;
use XML::SemanticDiff;
use XML::LibXML::SAX::Builder;
use XML::Generator::PerlData;

use vars qw( @ISA );
@ISA = qw( CGI::XMLApplication );

Related Reading Perl & XML By Erik T. Ray, Jason McIntosh Table of Contents Index Sample Chapter

After importing the necessary modules and declaring the package's inheritance from CGI::XMLApplication, we need to implement the methods required to make the browser interface work.

The browser interface has two states: a default state that prompts the user to upload two XML documents to compare, and a result state that shows the result of the comparison (or any errors that may have occurred while processing). The selectStylesheet() method returns the path to the appropriate stylesheet that will transform the DOM tree built by our application. To keep things on track we will not look at two stylesheets, (semdiff_default.xsl and semdiff_result.xsl) themselves; but they are available in this month's sample code if you are curious.

sub selectStylesheet {
    my ( $self, $context ) = @_;
    my $style = $context->{style} || 'default';
    my $style_path = '/www/site/stylesheets/';
    return $style_path . 'semdiff_' . $style . '.xsl';
}

By default, the required getDOM() method is expected to return an XML::LibXML::Document object. This document object, which we will create later, is transformed by the XSLT stylesheet set by the selectStylesheet() method before delivering the result to the browser.

sub getDOM {
    my ( $self, $context ) = @_;
    return $context->{domtree};
}

The getXSLParameter() method provides a way to pass values from this class out to the stylesheets (the values are available via <xsl:param> elements). Here we just push all the request parameters, leaving it to the stylesheet to pick and choose which fields are relevant.

sub getXSLParameter {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->Vars;
}

With the low-level details out of the way we will now create the event callbacks which will be called in response to the state of the browser interface. Since the default state is a simple prompt that requires no application logic or special processing, we need only implement the callback for the result state.

# event registration and event callbacks
sub registerEvents {
    return qw( semdiff_result );
}

sub event_semdiff_result {
    my ( $self, $context ) = @_;
    my ( $file1, $file2, $error );
    my $fh1 = $self->upload('file1');
    my $fh3 = $self->upload('file2');
    $context->{style} = 'result';

After setting the appropriate style for the application state, we retrieve the filehandles that contain the uploaded XML documents. We check to see that both are defined and, if so, we convert them to plain scalars.

    if ( defined( $fh1 ) and defined( $fh3 ) ) {
        local $/ = undef;
        $file1 = <$fh1>
        $file2 = <$fh3>;

Next we create the DOM tree that contains the results of the comparison by calling the compare_as_dom() method. Wrapping this call in an eval block ensures that we can safely capture any parsing errors encountered while processing the uploaded documents. We will look at the details of the compare_as_dom() and dom_from_data() methods shortly.

        eval {
            $context->{domtree} = $self->compare_as_dom( $file1, $file2 );
        };

        if ( $@ ) {
            $error = $@;
        }
    }
    else {
        $error = 'You must select two XML files to compare 
                        and wait for them to finish uploading';
    }

    if ( $error ) {
        $context->{domtree} =  $self->dom_from_data( {  error => $error } );
    }

The compare_as_dom() method returns undef if the two documents are identical. If no DOM object was returned and no error were occurred, we create a document with a single <message> element telling the user that the document are semantically the same.

    unless ( defined( $context->{domtree} )) {
        my $msg = "Files are semantically identical.";
        $context->{domtree} =  $self->dom_from_data( {  message => $msg } );
    }
}

Having completed the single event callback we can move on to writing the core methods which both it and the SOAP dispatcher will share.

First, we will create the compare() method. Not much more than a wrapper for the XML::SemanticDiff method of the same name, it accepts two scalars containing the XML documents to be compared and returns the results, if any, as an array reference.

sub compare {
    my $self = shift;
    my ( $xmlstring1, $xmlstring2 ) = @_;
    my $diff = XML::SemanticDiff->new( keeplinenums => 1 );
    my @results = $diff->compare( $xmlstring1, $xmlstring2 );
    return \@results;
}

We will finish up the WebSemDiff class with a couple of handy convenience methods.

The dom_from_data() method creates an XML::LibXML::Document object (an XML document in the form of a DOM tree) by processing a reference to any common Perl data structure through XML::Generator::PerlData and hooking that generator to XML::LibXML::SAX::Builder to populate the tree. Recall that we call this method in the result event callback to create the DOM tree containing the appropriate messages if an error occurred, or if the documents being compared are identical.

sub dom_from_data {
    my ( $self, $ref ) = @_;
    my $builder = XML::LibXML::SAX::Builder->new();
    my $generator = XML::Generator::PerlData->new( Handler => $builder );
    my $dom = $generator->parse( $ref );
    return $dom;
}

Finally, we will create the compare_as_dom() method. A simple wrapper for the last two methods, it returns the results of a semantic comparison between two documents as a DOM object.

sub compare_as_dom {
    my $self = shift;
    my $diff_messages = $self->compare( @_ );
    return undef unless scalar( @{$diff_messages} ) > 0;
    return $self->dom_from_data( {  difference => $diff_messages } );
}

1;

With the foundation now in place, we need only create the CGI script that will provide access to the various clients, which is where the architectural overlap between CGI::XMLApplication and SOAP::Lite really pays off.

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use SOAP::Transport::HTTP;
use WebSemDiff;

if ( defined( $ENV{'HTTP_SOAPACTION'} )) {
    SOAP::Transport::HTTP::CGI
        -> dispatch_to('WebSemDiff')
        -> handle;
}
else {
    my $app = WebSemDiff->new();
    $app->run();
}

Yes. That's all there is to it.

SOAP::Lite's dispatch_to() method connects the SOAP plumbing to a given module (or directory of modules). In this case, it allows us to reuse the same WebSemDiff class that also implements the browser interface. Sharing that module means that the publicly visible CGI is nothing more than a request broker that provides access the methods in a single application class based on the type of client making the connection. Users accessing the application through a Web browser are prompted to upload two XML files and the posted data is run through the compare_as_dom() method to obtain the result while SOAP clients have direct access to compare_as_dom, as well as the lower-level compare(), and other methods.

Have you developed any techniques for easily building web applications with multiple interfaces? Share your experience in our forum.

Post your comments

Now that we have a working (if not totally complete and sanity-checked) application, let's connect a few clients to it, compare two XML documents, and check out the results.

In the interest of clarity we will keep the documents being compared simple. We'll call the first doc1.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<root>
  <el1 el1attr="good"/>
  <el2 el2attr="good">Some Text</el2>
  <el3/>
</root>

and the second, doc2.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<root>
  <el1 el1attr="bad"/>
  <el2 bogus="true"/>
  <el4>Rogue</el4>
</root>

Access From Web Browser

A request to /cgi-bin/semdiff.cgi prompts the user to upload two documents:

and after the files are compared, the results are given:

Access From A SOAP Client

SOAP::Lite provides both a server and a client implementation. We will use it here to create the client that connects to the SOAP interface of our application. For brevity's sake we will skip over the parts of the client script that are concerned with argument processing, opening and reading the XML files to compared, and focus on the SOAP related parts. The complete script is available in this month's sample code as soap_semdiff1.pl.

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use SOAP::Lite;
 ...
my $soap = SOAP::Lite
  -> uri('http://my.host.tld/WebSemDiff')
  -> proxy('http://my.host.tld/cgi-bin/semdiff.cgi')
  -> on_fault( \&fatal_error );

my $result = $soap->compare( $file1, $file2 )->result;

print "Comparing $f1 and $f2...\n";

if ( defined $result and scalar( @{$result} ) == 0 ) {
    print "Files are semantically identical\n";
    exit;
}

foreach my $diff ( @{$result} ) {
print $diff->{context} . ' ' .
      $diff->{startline} . ' - '  .
      $diff->{endline} . ' '  .
      $diff->{message} .
      "\n";

}

Passing this script the paths to our two tiny XML documents produces the following result:

Comparing docs/doc1.xml and docs/doc2.xml...
/root[1]/el1[1] 3 - 3 Attribute 'el1attr' has different value in element 'el1'.
/root[1]/el2[1] 4 - 4 Character differences in element 'el2'.
/root[1]/el2[1] 4 - 4 Attribute 'el2attr' missing from element 'el2'.
/root[1]/el2[1] 4 - 4 Rogue attribute 'bogus' in element 'el2'.
/root[1] 5 - 5 Child element 'el3' missing from element '/root[1]'.
/root[1] 5 - 5 Rogue element 'el4' in element '/root[1]'.

As an alternative, we could use SOAP::Lite's autodispatch mechanism to make the code a little easier to read:

use SOAP::Lite +autodispatch =>
   uri      => 'http://my.host.tld/WebSemDiff',
   proxy    =>'http://my.host.tld/cgi-bin/semdiff.cgi',
   on_fault =>  \&fatal_error ;

my $result = SOAP->compare( $file1, $file2 );

print "Comparing $f1 and $f2...\n";

# etc ..

Access From A RESTful Client

Fans of the REST Architecture will appreciate the fact that our application (and indeed, all applications built using CGI::XMLApplication) offer a the ability to access the untransformed XML used to create the browser interface by including a "pass thru" parameter either in the query string of a GET request, or as a POSTed field.

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use HTTP::Request::Common;
use LWP::UserAgent;

my ( $f1, $f2 ) = @ARGV;

usage() unless defined $f1 and -f $f1
        and defined $f2 and -f $f2;


my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new;
my $uri = "http://my.host.tld/cgi-bin/semdiff.cgi";


my $req = HTTP::Request::Common::POST( $uri,
                                       Content_Type => 'form-data',
                                       Content => [
                                           file1 => [ $f1 ],
                                           file2 => [ $f2 ],
                                           passthru => 1,
                                           semdiff_result => 1,
                                       ]
                                      );


my $result = $ua->request( $req );

if ( $result->is_success ) {
   print $result->content;
}
else {
   warn "Request Failure: " . $result->message . "\n";
}

sub usage {
   die "Usage:\nperl $0 file1.xml file2.xml \n";
}

This script (restful_semdiff.pl in the sample code) prints the following XML document to STDOUT (formatted here for readability).

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<document>
  <difference>
    <context>/root[1]/el1[1]</context>
    <message>
      Attribute 'el1attr' has different
      value in element 'el1'.
    </message>
    <startline>3</startline>
    <endline>3</endline>
  </difference>
  <difference>
    <context>/root[1]/el2[1]</context>
    <message>
      Character differences in element 'el2'.
    </message>
    <startline>4</startline>
    <endline>4</endline>
  </difference>
  ...
</document>

Conclusions

Careful readers will have noticed that we did not touch on XML-RPC at all. There are two reasons. First, the XML-RPC client and server interfaces provided by SOAP::Lite are nearly identical to those used for SOAP, so showing the example code would add little value to the overall package. Second, unlike SOAP clients, XML-RPC clients have no standardized, unambiguous HTTP header associated with their requests. This means that our CGI request broker would have to resort to some level of voodoo to differentiate between XML-RPC clients and regular Web browsers. Detecting XML-RPC requests might be possible by checking for a combination of a POST request and a Content-Type of "text/xml", but, at best, this solution seems brittle and naive and would only cloud the example code (assuming it works at all). If you know a more robust way to detect requests from XML-RPC clients, please share your knowledge by posting a comment to this article.

We've covered a lot of ground this month and have glossed over a number of details in an effort to keep things focused. The complete, working application and all client examples are available in the sample code if you need clarification.

Putting aside the debates about which architecture is best for implementing automated Web services, or whether or not those services add anything new to Web technology, the bottom line is that if you do the Web for a living, chances are good that you will be asked about your knowledge of Web services. It is my sincere hope that this introduction to how SOAP::Lite and CGI::XMLApplication can be combined to create clean, modular solutions that support access via SOAP, REST, and HTML browser will give you a head start.

Resources

• Download the sample code.
• XML and Modern CGI Applications
• The SOAP::Lite Homepage
• The XML-RPC Info Pages
• REST Wiki Pages
• Additional XML::SemanticDiff Documentation

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